CPT, OPT, and the STEM OPT extension are three distinct forms of F-1 work authorization, tied to different points in — or after — your academic program.
General information, not legal advice. This guide summarizes publicly available information from official U.S. government sources, listed under Official Resources below. Immigration rules, fees, and processing times can change, and how they apply depends on your individual circumstances — confirm your situation with your school's Designated School Official (DSO) or USCIS before making decisions. This guide does not guarantee any visa, status, or admission outcome.
F-1 students have three main forms of practical training work authorization, each with different timing, duration, and eligibility rules. This page compares them directly; see individual guides (including our Day 1 CPT guides) for more depth on each.
| CPT | OPT | STEM OPT Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|
| When | During your academic program | During (part-time) or after (full-time) your program | After the initial 12-month OPT period |
| Duration | Tied to your program's curricular requirement | Up to 12 months total | An additional 24 months, for eligible STEM degrees |
| Eligibility basis | Curricular requirement (internship/practicum built into your program) | Completion of an academic year in most cases (exceptions apply) | STEM-designated degree, employer enrolled in E-Verify |
| Authorized by | Your school's DSO via SEVIS/I-20 | USCIS (Form I-765) | USCIS (Form I-765) |
Full-time CPT used for 12 months or more can eliminate eligibility for OPT afterward — this is one of the most consequential rules in this area and should be discussed with your DSO before accepting a long full-time CPT placement.
OPT applications are generally filed with USCIS in a specific window relative to your program end date. Specific fees, processing times, and procedural details change over time — always confirm current requirements directly with USCIS, Study in the States, SEVP, or your school's international student office before acting.
USCIS / SEVP
Every student's circumstances are different. Talk to Na Visa for general guidance, and confirm anything status-specific with your DSO or an immigration professional.
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